* Posts by Alan Brown

15079 publicly visible posts • joined 8 Feb 2008

Move over, Bernie Ecclestone. Scientists unearth Earth's oldest fossil yet: 4bn years old

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: 'seeded' from the same extrasolar source

cephalopods (octopii and squid) are relatively easy to explain as early divergers from our wormlike ancestors. It's more obvious in the giant squid dissection video on youtube.

Like worms, octopii and squid brains surround the mouth and even our fishy ancestors had multiple hearts (one per gill) that evolved from worms' multiple parallel pumps. That only dropped down to one heart somewhere before amphibians as the simple inline pump became more complicated (if you look along the family lines you can see the "knotting" effect that produced 2, then 3 and then 4 chambered hearts.)

As for the blood, there's only a one atom difference at a critical location between chlorophyll, haemocyanin and haemoglobin molecules. (magnesium vs copper vs iron respectively). Nature seldom starts over when it can adapt existing items - which explains why things end up as Heath-Robinson messes a lot of the time.

Nvidia: Pssst... farmers. Need to get some weeds whacked?

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Assuming it works...

There are a number of food crops which were originally weeds that adapted to mimic desireable properties.

If the weeds adapt and become useful, they're no longer weeds.

GPU-flingers' bash: Forget the Matrix, Neo needs his tensors

Alan Brown Silver badge

"Hooray more half-filled racks"

5 years ago I was asked to name worst-case scenario heat generation for our server room and the facilities people visibly gulped when I said "Well, I can fairly trivially put 45kW in a single rack and it's only going to get worse"

The limiting factor isn't cooling capacity but how much power we can get onsite. They wrote a report saying I was asking for impossibly large numbers when I stuck my finger in the air and said "I need 50kW _now_ and the capacity for up to 250kW in future would be nice, but 100kW would probably do(*)" - sure enough about 6 months later someone filed a request for systems which would have maxxed out the 100kW in the first pass and the 250kW fairly easily. Thankfully he didn't get budget for it (I told him that doing this would require major infrastructure in addition to the rack-mounted kit). You have to love academics shooting for the moon.

(*) I have about 25kW in the room and maxxed-out cooling due to manglement rejecting my initial estimate of 75kW as "too high", with another 20kW in old computer rooms that was supposed to be migrated in, but can't be. Pointing out that even a very low 3kW/rack over 18 racks adds up to 52kW didn't go down well.

Ofcom issues stern warning over fake caller number ID scam

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: RBS simply use Unknown number

> A proven security hole. They even suggest you call the bank. They then hold the line open and simulate a dialtone and ringing sound for your "call".

1: That doesn't work on mobiles. Or if you make the call on your mobile when the original was on your landline or vice versa.

2: Dialling a number other than the bank's should expose this one PDQ.

The "hold the line open" thing only works for about 30 seconds anyway. Just be sure to hang up and leave it longer than a couple of minutes.

From landslide to buried alive: Why 2017 election forecasts weren't wrong

Alan Brown Silver badge

"Corbyn and his clan at one point discussing printing money for the gov to spend unlike QE which can be rolled back."

Virtually all the money in circulation has been crated by banks, not the treasury. Thatcher and her cronies found that out in stagflation days when they were frantically trying to rein in the money supply and banks were creating it (debt) out of thin air faster than they could call in the bonds.

What QE has achieved is to allow banks to roll back their leveraging of cash assets(*) to a more sustainable multiplier (ie, reducing the ratio of debt to cash they hold) without actually changing the amount of notional debt in circulation.

(*) In this context cash assets is "money from the treasury"(public money - where money created by debts to the bank is "private money"), not actual printed money - the latter only accounts for 2-3% of all the money in circulation and is why counterfeiting isn't nearly as big a risk as is made out - If people distrust the printed stuff they'll move more to electronic or other bank-driven transactions. If they distrust the issuer then the economy would collapse (which is what happened to the roman empire), but more pragmatically they will simply move to a different form of money - the example of what happened during the bank strikes in Ireland being a good example of what happens if cash and electronic transfers become unavailable (If you work on the basis that all money is a physical representation of debt and the real issue is whether you trust the debtor to pay up, then this point of view makes more sense. The government's debt is only different inasmuch as it's "legal tender for any and all debts", vs private debt which may only be able to be redeemed via specific channels)

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: "there was a margin of error of around 2 to 3 per cent for any forecast"

"Latest polls show X on 53% and Y on 47% so it still a statistical dead heat"

Similar in many countries where the margin of error is specifically mentioned and explained periodically.

The difference in this country is a wildly partisan press wanting to push the agenda of their party and willing to selectively interpret what pollsters give them to make it so.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Mandatory voting.

Regarding voting patterns with PR: "Of course, the results would probably have been different"

Absolutely. All you need to do to verify that is look at voting patterns in New Zealand before and after they switched from FPTP to MMP ~20 years ago.

The really interesting part is how minor parties(*) manage to spectacularly self-destruct when they get a few seats and find the relentless gaze of the media unearthing the less-than-savoury pasts of various members.(**)

(*) Particularly the Christian fundamentalist variety - who have tended to respond by erasing the people in question entirely from their official media as if they never existed.

(**) convictions and investigations for large-scale fraud, child abuse and domestic abuse figure highly.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Mandatory voting.

"There's not many people who can reasonably claim to not be able to spare the time sometime between 7am and 10pm, even on a weekday. "

There are many who can reasonably claim to not be able to access one particular polling station, which is one of the requirements at the moment.

I grew up in New Zealand which has a Westminster democracy. You are entitled to walk into any polling station in your electorate and vote without hassle. If you're outside your electorate you can walk into _any_ polling station and cast a "special vote" (which are handled separately, counted and then dispatched to the home electorate for confirmation). Voting is always on weekends.

The result is that the _lowest_ electoral turnout the country has ever had since WW2 was about 85% (and resulted in a lot of navelgazing about why people weren't voting), with figures usually being closer to 90%

The current way things are done is almost ideally setup to discourage voting.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Hmm

"I observed quite a few tories billboard posters and signs getting defaced, but didn't see a single labour one getting the same treatment."

In my area the only ones I noticed being defaced were the ones illegally placed on public land.

Apparently the tories are entitled to use roadside verges as their advertising space whilst noone else is allowed to do so. Others might call it flyposting but I can't possibly comment.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: First Past the Post

"The financial position of the country with its lavish overspending during a boom is not the fault of the banks."

There wasn't that much overspending - especially compared with the amount of oil money pissed against a wall by successive conservative governments in an attempt to woo voters.

The double whammy was that the crash happened AND the oil money started drying up about the same time. Deregulation made the crash inevitable, given that the regulations in question were created in response to (and to prevent recurrances of) virtually identical crashes in the past.

Alan Brown Silver badge

"It was Blair that insisted on the party being the main thing on the vote"

The day you accept that people elect _parties_, not individuals is the day you accept that proportional representation is needed.

My personal preference is for the MMP(also known as "AV") with 4-5% threshold option as this gives best proportionality and has worked well for decades in the countries that have tried it.

There is _nothing_ intrinsically wrong with a party not holding a majority in parliament. This forces government by concensus and reins in the more ideologically extreme policies. Problems arise when they're desperate willing to do deals with extremist minor parties to gain a majority as it gives those minor parties a degree of influence vastly in excess of their size (See "kingmakers")

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: (energy price cap FFS)

The climate change act is good - and not because of sea level changes; there are nastier bogeys waiting if we don't slash our carbon emissions. (See: 'anoxic oceanic event', 'leptav sea methane emissions' and 'storegga slides', then work out what the impact of 1-5GT of methane bubbling off the siberian continental shelf might be)

Fixation on renewables is double unplus good. Even with the country carpetted in windmills and solar panels there isn't enough electricity production available to replace all carbon-emitting processes, by a factor of 6-8. Yes you could just replace all carbon-emitting power generation but factoring in transportation, heating and industrial processes makes "just replacing current generation" woefully insufficient.

The amount of money being ploughed into renewables in _this_ country alone could pay for at least a dozen nuclear power plants which would produce far more reliable power (we need about 60-70 of them) for a far lower environmental impact than renewables.

'My dream job at Oracle left me homeless!' – A techie's relocation horror tale

Alan Brown Silver badge

Regarding dream jobs.

Bear in mind that Freddy Kruger was a man of your dreams - AND that wonderland was entirely a dream.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: If he had been in the UK

"Sacking people is now an art form to certain HR types - you know why they sacked you, they know why they sacked you, but the reasons for the tribunal are completely different."

Which is why you should ALWAYS record all meetings with the HR types.

When the recording shows what they told you is different to what they told the tribunal, fecal matter hits spinny thing not just for that case but for any previous ones. (and their credibility is shot in future cases)

While USA is distracted by its President's antics, China is busy breaking another fusion record

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Crazy ideas?

"And it is very safe."

Except for the side effects of things - like death from untreated sepsis or cancer.

But at least you won't suffer any medication side-effects.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Crazy ideas?

Even in Columbus' time people were very well aware that the earth was round.

Columbus was crazy not because he thought it was a sphere, but because he thought it was around 1/2 the size everyone else did. He was expecting to find Asia only a few hundred miles off the european coast and came dangerously close to mutiny as the voyage went on far longer than his sailors expected. (He also falsified the ship's log to give sailors the idea they'd sailed a far shorter distance than they really had.)

(And this is all quite apart from the havoc he wreaked in the Americas)

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Worse..

California's problem is the same as South Australia's.

Once you exceed 3-4% intermittent sources (wind and solar), your grid becomes extremely fragile when combined with "Must take" rules and feedin tarriff rates which are stupidly high

At this level of penetration it's time to start killing off the the hidden subsidies - solar/wind operators don't have to pay for the backing generator capacity that's required to handle no wind/no sun - by requiring them to start using systems to smooth output such that they can be baseload sources.

IE: Elon's battery banks should be paid for by the renewables suppliers, NOT by the grid operators. else it's even more hidden subsidy going into their pockets.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Worse..

"They will literally be so cheap that they will make sense anywhere south of Edinburgh. Huge brute forcing of the power problem but feasible."

People keep claiming this, but moving to a low carbon future needs to take into account that the maximum you can reasonably achieve by carpetting the countryside in windmills and solar panels is to replace existing power generation capacity (solar and wind are still less than the UK's nuclear output).

That overlooks that electricity only accounts for 30-40% of carbon emissions, so once you factor that in, you have a large shortfall to make up given that replacing heating, transportation, industrial processes etc with electrically-sourced energy is going to need 6-8 times more electricity than is currently produced (and then there's the issue of developing countries, which will need to ramp their power production up even faster and with greater multipliers)

The only viable long-term methods are nuclear - fusion or fission - and right now commercially viable fusion is still "somewhere over the horizon", so we'd better get our ducks in order. Nuclear is quite safe but molten salt systems pretty much eliminate ALL the nuclear accident causes we've seen in the last 70 years whilst also making enough heat that you don't need to site next to waterways (derating in hot weather to preserve river life/vulnerabilities to tsunamis) whilst still getting increased thermal efficiency, so not getting them commercialised and rolled out is rather silly.

From a biosphere point of view (NOT sea level rises) we can't afford to keep pumping CO2 into the atmosphere until fusion is ready. Geological history shows CO2 spikes go nicely with oceanic

anoxic events and mass extinctions. As an animal with a particularly oxygen-hungry lifestyle we're rather high on the "first against the wall" list if that happens.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Worse..

The US dollar has been the international trading currency of choice for decades because it's stable (Gold backing went away a long time ago) and the use of it drives the USA Hegemony (in the same way that use of the franc and pound did in past times. The days of the UK being a major world power went away the day that international trade stopped being done in Sterling.)

It's been postulated that one of the driving forces behind GulfWar2 was that Saddam was trading oil in Euros and that tolerating expanding international trade using the currency was seen by US interests as a more important threat than any "weapons of mass destruction" could possibly be.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Who still uses farenheight for things like this ?

Even Myanmar is switching to metric now....

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: let me guess...

"And it has to produce at least 5 times as much energy as you put into it in order to make useful power, due to the ~20% thermal efficiency of a typical steam plant"

That's "put into it" at the actual sharp end. Inefficiencies along the feedin process (lasers etc) come into play too, such that to achieve breakeven (electrical power out for electrical power in) it's more likely to require at least 100-fold amplification in the actual fusion unit, more likely 1000-fold.

Even after fusion gets to the point where it's a practical reality it's likely to take 25 years to become commercially viable. We need to get moving on LFTRs in the meantime.

OMG, dad, you're so embarrassing! Are you P2P file sharing again?

Alan Brown Silver badge

" spotify can remove music, and you can't copy files from it to, say, an mp3 player"

Oh, can't you? *evilgrin*

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Old-fashioned...

90% of everything published/released is crap. It was true then and it's true now.

Soulless zombie bands have always existed. The difference when looking back is that you're looking through the filter of time that allows you to see the reasonable 10% of what was released and ignore the rest.

The same applies to books. Most of what's published aren't fit to wipe your arse with and thankfully will be forgotten next year let alone next decade.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: "You wouldn't bill me every time I take a book off my shelf"

They tried (and failed) to shut down public libraries.

They tried (and failed) to make the sale of secondhand books illegal.

They tried (and failed) to make the sale of secondhand records/tapes/CDs/DVDs illegal.

They tried (and failed) to make the same of home video recorders illegal.

They tried (and mostly suceeded) to make the sale of secondhand computer software illegal.

They've suceeded with ebooks and downloads and there have been some attempts using this as leverage to try (again) to get resale of secondhand physical media restricted along with new restrictions on libraries.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: re: pay for the good/services

"The price is whatever the supplier believes they can maximize their profits at."

In a truely competitive market supplier prices will coverge on a cost + small margin model.

In the current market, suppliers manipulate the laws to prevent competition and can therefore charge what they want up to the point where they encounter consumer resistance - think of the piracy side of things as that consumer resistance in action.

This kind of supplier abuse is the exact reason why royal patents were abolished entirely a few hundred years ago and then the system recreated to give a fairer market. The USA's deliberate non-recognition of foreign copyright/patents until recently (and china's effective simliar policy) acted as similar reformation devices but it's clear that since WW2 things have been sewn up tighter and tighter on the supply side. It's time for another set of wide-ranging reforms which don't hand excess power to the creators and middlemen (especially the middlemen, who are generally ripping off both creators and consumers with gay abandon)

Sysadmin bloodied by icicle that overheated airport data centre

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Welcome to the UK

"None of this was helped by equally numpty cleaners who, despite being told repeatedly, continued to pour inappropriate cleaning chemicals down the drains."

They tend to stop when given a choice of continuing to ignore instructions or being given a P45 (in the case of 3rd party cleaners, just threaten to cancel the contract for non-performance)

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Welcome to the UK

If the job isn't as specified then the dolt doesn't get paid AND gets to wear the cost of making good.

Hitting fucktards in the wallet is about the only way to educate them.

Intel AMT bug bit Siemens industrial PCs

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: more details here

I'd be a lot happier about going to semiaccurate.com if the https version didn't have a _revoked_ security certificate.

McAfee settles McAfee lawsuit over McAfee name

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Its rep was trash long before 2013...

"I still recall the days when McAfee the virus scanner was quite a respectable name"

It was trash long before 6.22 - I used to call it Make-A-FEE - separate scanner, cleaner and innoculation packages for $20 each per year

F-prot was $1, all-in-one AND updated for new malware more frequently than McAfee (this was long before Notron branched into AV stuff)

BOFH: That's right. Turn it off. Turn it on

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Then there's change control idiocy...

Backout plan: It's a fucking cluster. If the updated node is fuddocked then you run on the other one(s) until you have the issue fixed. Once the updated node is working well, then and ONLY then do you update the other nodes with those adjustments taken into account.

VS the BA method of Indian remote management updating all nodes and then rebooting the entire cluster on the busiest weekend of the year.

Alan Brown Silver badge

"I've seen someone handed a package for not getting the course. Three times."

Said package consisting of a trip to the front door accompanied by 2 guys from security, whilst carrying a small cardboard box of your personal belongings?

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: "it doesn't work"

We had a customer who complained that her main program kept disappearing down to a corner of the screen and she insisted we come out and fix it (which meant de-minimise the iconised program.)

After several visits, she swore black and blue she wasn't minimising it and claimed our staff were somehow doing it remotely and no matter how many times we showed her how to minimise/unminimise the program, she insisted that she couldn't expand it once minimised. When we started charging for callouts, she rapidly decided to become an ex-customer (no big deal for us, she was one of the ones who cost far more than their income)

Several years later, her husband admitted minimising the software when web browsing and hadn't said anything at the time because that would mean admitting to using "her" computer when she wasn't around (it was a family machine, apparently).

Alan Brown Silver badge

"8 bits on the data, and 6 useful bits from the monitor."

You'd be surprised what you had stash in those 2 bits.

Take a look in the 1990s-era Usenet postings of Claudia Schiffer gifs sometime.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Napalm requires signoffs.

Lusers like this deserve P45s.

Perhaps this kind of tactic can be used to sort out who's for the chop in the next round of redundancies.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: do not enter the hypen!

> business users sitting with the developers and literally going "ah no.. I mean.. blah, blah, blah"

But that's not what you wrote in the legally binding contract.

No problem. There will be a small extra charge per off-contract change with a minimum fee of £250k

One-third of Brit IT projects on track to fail

Alan Brown Silver badge

"A good tip is to always keep a "Lessons Learnt" log so you know which companies to avoid."

It's also a good idea to name names in that log.

Having the same sonofabitch who caused project N to fail when you were using X supplier show up on supplier Y when you're about to start project P should be a BIG RED WARNING.

In such a case going back and having a quiet chat with supplier X may find a cultural shift.

On the other hand having raging sucesses with AngelicType who moves from company W to company V may mean that company W is about to start failing badly.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Definition of fail

"A variant on that is getting another contract to fix all the problems in the original piece of work."

I know a couple of companies that _specialise_ in going into sites where a specific other company has failed(*) and fixing the project to work properly (despite never being able to work off the original design)

They do it quickly and cheaply, which results in very happy customers and an almost guaranteed stream of future work.

(*) "SOC" specialises in large glossy advertising, telling customers that they need things they don't, moving goalposts, contacts through the old boys network and eye watering charges for both the initial project and any variations from it. The projects will never work as specified, resulting in mountains of extra-contract work to make it run (badly). This company bounces from victim to victim and because it avoids tech-savvy customers, the warnings about them are never seen until too late.

China pollutes ocean with bloody big rocket

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Long March

"Where did that come from?"

History. Specifically Mao's "Long March"

Fresh cotton underpants fix series of mysterious mainframe crashes

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Don't give me no static ...

"then someone thought aluminium, being metal, was also safe and, more crucially, £300,000 cheaper"

Then they saved £5k on £80k worth of aluminum composite panels by specifying the flammable ones instead of the flame retardant ones (2 quid per panel cheaper over 2500 panels)

Then they saved about the same on the insulation under the cladding by specifying a plastic (flammable) type instead of rockwool ("But it's got better insulation properties" - yeah about the same as an extra 1/2" of rockwool)

Then the builders saved a bit of money by either not installing firestopping at each level or somehow compromising it during installation.

Then they saved even more by running an exposed gas supply line up the stairwell (fire escape) with an exposed spur into each corridor instead of doing it properly by putting it in the service riser and keeping the apartment supply pipes out of the escape corridors. ("We were going to box it in" - yeah, with wooden non-gastight boxing)

The last item constitutes "setting a man trap" and is why so many people died despite past cladding fires having very low casualty rates - they couldn't get out because apart from the smoke, by the time they tried the fire escape was itself on fire.

And that's quite apart from the issues of compromised fire doors and blocking off the access road so that brigades couldn't easily get access to the building.

Grenfell is going to be held up in civil engineering classes for decades as an example of how a safe design can be hopelessly compromised and why bridging firebreaks and then adding bridge protection built around a single point of failure is a bad idea, especially when you expect that SPOF (the firestopping) to be installed by minimum wage unqualified, poorly trained and badly supervised staff.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Don't give me no static ...

"pretty much all countries ban mobile phones around petrol stations despite there being no evidence of a single fire caused by one, and indeed plenty of research to show it's not actually possible"

In the days of CB and landmobile it was easily possible to draw sparks from the nozzle to the car(*) when the transmitter was keyed. When electronic pumps came along more than a few hams discovered that keying the linear amp in the boot would cause the counters to stop whilst fuel kept flowing.

"mobile phones have transmitters, therefore mobile phones are dangerous" - or at least that's the mindset you have to contend with. Explanations of the differences between 300mw (Max), 25W and 2kW either go straight over their heads or they don't want to have to deal with the hassle of arguing with someone about what power their transmitter is putting out when a flat ban is easy.

(*) Fuel nozzle fires are small and easily put out. One of the other dangers of autoflow handles is one being pulled out and spraying fuel everywhere although modern ones have protection against that too.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Don't give me no static ...

"The static builds up only as you pull your butt away from the seat"

And treating the seat with suitable antistatic fabric spray helps a lot, if there's no metal part of the vehicle you can hang onto as you get up (I had one car that was rotten for this due to the amount of plastic panelling and polyester seat fabric. The eventual cure was a couple of bits of foil tape discreetly located in the grab handle hollow with grounding wire attached to the body.)

This may (should) be something that carmakers have sorted by now. Conductive plastics aren't difficult to specify.

Alan Brown Silver badge
Coat

Re: Don't give me no static ...

"most gas(petrol) station pump fires seem to be caused by females with man-made fiber underwear getting back into their cars after starting the fuel flow ..."

Most european fuel station fires have been caused by drivers with their engines on fire pulling up alongside the pumps then running to the kiosk for help - even before the autoflow thingie was disabled.

"Which is one of the reasons given for disabling the "auto flow" feature on UK pumps. "

You can fix that with a 3mm allen key in the appropriate hole on on the nozzle. it's much easier than trying to jam a (tethered) fuel cap in there

Mine's the one with a keyring containing an "auto flow fixer" and my hands don't hurt much at all now, thanks.

Not that scary or that hard: Two decades of VLANS

Alan Brown Silver badge

"stupid educational companies ingrained the concept of separating wiring for "admin" and "curriculum" networks. "

With good reason in days before VLANs, as many schools found out to their cost.

Ubuntu 'weaponised' to cure NHS of its addiction to Microsoft Windows

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Patching

> can someone point out how patching at large scale works in Ubuntu and derivitives?

What you're looking for on Ubuntu is called "Landscape"

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Swings and roundabouts

"What you save in Windows licences, you'll have to pay in retraining staff."

Retraining is "once", licenses are recurring.

"Stick-in-the-mud" users, unless bringing provable value to the organisation are the same people who make the NHS experience so demoralising ("Computer says NO") for patients AND staff. Identifying and expunging them outright is likely to result in a better running organisation at lower overall costs.

Munich may dump Linux for Windows

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Might I suggest...

> MS now: no real visible change in maybe 2 decades. Today's software, just as insecure as that from 20 years ago: e.g. buffer overflows => remote code execution, and the rest. Just check the CVEs.

MS nower - the source code is circulating. You can check the spaghetti and schoolboy errors for yourself and see that many "fixes" are just patch upon patch upon patch rather than actually solving the underlaying issue.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Replacing Linux with Windows, based on *cost*?

> Novell Netware did live kernel patching.

So does linux, if you want it to.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Replacing Linux with Windows, based on *cost*?

" it's only a bloody UI..."

It's only a bloody UI for linux too.

Alan Brown Silver badge

Re: Replacing Linux with Windows, based on *cost*?

"In Munich's case they went to a lot of trouble to customise their own distro. That might have been a mistake if they then have to redo some of the work that's already been done by the original packagers."

In Munich's case there wasn't a suitable distro to base off when they started, That's changed.

Also in Munich's case, the vast majority of the installations are thin clients with the actual legwork being done on central servers. Part of the costs were involved in allowing local USB/CDrom/soundcard etc to be accesible to the remote server (and is now part of standard linux suites). The savings in not having to buy heftier hardware on 3-5 year cycles outweighed that kind of software investment.