I'm not sure that you want to have a beam of anything pointing at you to charge your phone.
Anything directional (i.e. not really subject to the inverse square law) and of sufficient power is going to interfere with things. Everything from inducing a current in your credit cards in your wallet to generating all kinds of RF or reflections.
Basically, this is achievable today. Get a large directional antenna and just point it at the "magic charging spot" by some magic dot-tracking method. But putting, say, even 10W down it is going to attract the attention of radio licensing agencies before long. Anything non-directional is subject to inverse-square law (so something 40cm away would need to be 1,600 times the power of something 1cm away). There's a reason that even directional antenna use - though it might come under power limits measured in Watts - isn't allowed if it allows a certain gain overall.
To then harvest it without anything else in the path inducting a current from it is going to be really tricky. And you don't want to have the e-cig in your pocket ignite because you walked between a guy and his phone charger.
The energies we're talking about, really the only viable method is very-close-contact induction and acceptance that there'll be some loss, or a conductive cable to "channel" it down so it's not going through the very insulating free-air.
Inductance works great for electric toothbrushes, maybe a very low power phone, etc. Everything else, you really don't want to be inducing even targeted, directional beams of EM power towards. Especially when a 50p cable does the job at stupendous efficiency without side-effects.
The low-power, harness-what's-there is more viable but you should be able to tell that even that's a bit of a cop-out. Sure, it'll keep, say, a wireless sensor blipping once a second, or find your lost car keys by having them suck up wifi energy and send out a short burst of data, but that's about it.
Honestly, you may as well just point a laser at the center of a QR code using a movable arm. That's basically what you're doing, but with RF, but at least a laser beam doesn't spread out, induce currents, etc. in surrounding materials. And you would have a chance of cutting out instantly if the laser detects that it's reflecting back or lost the QR code because something's got in the way.
Basically charge-by-high-power-laser is more viable and I could probably make you one today. 10W would be quite dangerous, though, and a bit naff for charging.