back to article Russian volcanoes fingered for Earth's largest mass extinction

The largest mass extinction event in Earth's history may have been driven by incredibly violent million-year long volcanic explosions that destroyed the ozone layer some 250 million years ago. Scientists call it the Great Dying, where almost 90 per cent of creatures perished at the end of the Permian era. Animals in water and …

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        1. jay_bea

          Re: The Ends of the World

          "It's worth putting that 'fragility of life' quote into context too: life survived, every time. And that was without having the advantage of intelligence or technology."

          Most accurately, I should have said the fragility of current life on the planet, for as you have noted, life did survive. However, each mass extinction event was effectively a reboot, with different forms of life appearing each time. Very few living things have made it through all the mass extinction events. If humans do succeeding in starting the next mass extinction event (Brannen thinks we are nowhere near that yet), then life will reappear again even though it may take 100s of millions of years; but possibly without humans.

      1. Uncle Ron

        Re: The Ends of the World

        I have one candidate to "send somewhere else."

  1. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    highlighting the tiny amount of time that humans have been on the planet in the perspective of its 5 billion year history

    FAKE NEWS!

    As all right-thinking Christians know, the world was created in 4004 BC.

    1. Rich 11

      And God won't let anything bad happen to the planet, so repeal all those damn stupid environmental laws and let me get on with blowing the tops off mountains and poisoning the water tables.

    2. Doctor Syntax Silver badge

      "As all right-thinking Christians know, the world was created in 4004 BC."

      I wish Archbishop Alan Harper, who was an archaeologist earlier in his career, had made an ex cathedra statement contradicting his predecessor.

    3. Anonymous Coward
      Anonymous Coward

      -->As all right-thinking Christians know, the world was created in 4004 BC

      So, let me get this clear, only Protestants are "right thinking Christians"? (I know you were being sarcastic).

      The 4004BC thing was a purely Protestant invention due to their Biblical literalism. St. Augustine had told the Catholic Church, over a thousand years before, that anything in the Bible which was contrary to fact was to be assumed to be allegorical. They went pretty wild on allegory at times, but the entire notion that Genesis was a chronology dictated by God to Moses has never been, AFAIK, Catholic doctrine. The (mainly US) Protestants of today who believe that garbage are largely the descendants of immigrants of somewhat inadequate education, and it shows in this and many other ways.

      1. Brewster's Angle Grinder Silver badge

        Re: -->As all right-thinking Christians know, the world was created in 4004 BC

        I think "right-thinking" means thinking thoughts acceptable to the political right.

      2. Anonymous Coward
        Devil

        St. Augustine had told the Catholic Church, [...] that anything in the Bible which was contrary

        Tell poor Galileo... and many others even unluckier.

        It is true later Vatican had its own astronomical observatory, and some priest were also excellent scientists (i.e. Angelo Secchi), and the Catholic Church mostly avoided "literal" interpretations of the Bible so common in some other churches.

        The problem usually lies than in authoritarian systems which derive all their power from "the book" (not only the Bible, of course), anything that could create any doubt about it - and thereby reduce their power - is dangerous and must be destroyed.

        1. Anonymous Coward
          Anonymous Coward

          Re: St. Augustine had told the Catholic Church, [...] that anything in the Bible which was contrary

          "Tell poor Galileo... and many others even unluckier."

          Galileo wasn't persecuted, that is an Urban myth.

          1. Anonymous Coward
            Anonymous Coward

            "Galileo wasn't persecuted, that is an Urban myth."

            So why the Pope apologized?

            http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/it/speeches/1992/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19921031_accademia-scienze.html

            Giordano Bruno was far less lucky, and was burnt to death. From a religion that should be built on Love and Forgiveness....

            1. Anonymous Coward
              Anonymous Coward

              Re: "Galileo wasn't persecuted, that is an Urban myth."

              @LDS "So why the Pope apologized?"

              Because he was wrong and displayed his characteristic poor judgement.

              Giordano Bruno was simply self-serving slime who ensured that many English Christians were murdered by being a government informer. So if you want to lionise him, go a praise all the Stasi informers also.

          2. Rich 11

            Re: St. Augustine had told the Catholic Church, [...] that anything in the Bible which was contrary

            Galileo wasn't persecuted, that is an Urban myth.

            Groan...

            I'll say it again. GROAN....

            Well played, sir / madam / arbitrary Londoner.

          3. Michael Wojcik Silver badge

            Re: St. Augustine had told the Catholic Church, [...] that anything in the Bible which was contrary

            Galileo wasn't persecuted, that is an Urban myth.

            So often the best jokes are the ones that 40% of the audience miss.

            1. Pedigree-Pete
              Pint

              Re: St. Augustine had told the Catholic Church, [...] that anything in the Bible which was contrary

              I only got the Urban joke due to some of the stuff in these hallowed pages. Ignorance is the failure of an individual to take the opportunities offered to be educated. Thank you commentariat. :) PP

      3. Anonymous Coward
        Anonymous Coward

        Re: -->As all right-thinking Christians know, the world was created in 4004 BC

        The 4004 BC thing was also nothing more than a doodle on the margins of Ussher's document, I believe it was never meant to be pulled out of the hat as something definitive. Biblical literalism is mainly a thing of the last 3 centuries, probably in reaction to the "Enlightenment" and the spread of science as the driver of fact - most Hebrews and early to Middle Ages Christians understood that the Old Testament/Torah contained much that was allegory and imagery that was never meant to be taken literally - particularly Genesis up to the time of Abraham.

  2. Doctor Syntax Silver badge

    How would this affect aquatic species? They have extra filtering. I suppose it could also have affected the pH of water but if their were substantial changes to water chemistry one might expect extra halides to turn up in later sedimentary rocks.

    1. Dr Dan Holdsworth
      Boffin

      The Siberian super-volcano didn't just spew out lava and this hellbrew of halogens; it also chucked out an enormous amount of sulphur dioxide, and more importantly the entire volcano complex erupted through Carboniferous coal measures. If this new research is correct, then the vulcanism couldn't really have been much more destructive, because not only was there a super-volcano polluting the atmosphere with ash, dust and sulphuric acid particles (causing a volcanic winter of epic proportions), but the volcano was also spewing ozone-destroying chlorine gas AND on top of all of that had chucked out enough CO2 into the atmosphere to make the oceans slightly fizzy.

      Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is generated by algae living at the ocean surface. Most ocean-living life breeds via a planktonic stage right after hatching, which tends to live where the food is, right at the ocean surface. Pretty much all of the trilobite species bred that way, and the combination of CO2-poisoned oceans and UV light finished their entire phylum off.

      The Deccan traps coincided with the dinosaur-killer asteroid, so it is hard to see which had the greater effect on life on earth. Those events did cause a world-wide wildfire and dust-induced ice age, and there was some effect from the asteroid hitting sulphate minerals and releasing sulphate into the atmosphere, but the KT-boundary didn't see this huge CO2 release, and the oceans were much less heavily affected. The KT-boundary event was also much shorter, only a few tens of thousands of years if that, rather than a million years of volcanic eruption.

      1. Dave Schofield

        >The Deccan traps coincided with the dinosaur-killer asteroid, so it is hard to see which had the greater effect on life on earth.

        I don't like coincidences like that. The chances of a large, destructive asteroid impact at the same geological time as one of the largest volcanic impacts. I'm not a geologist, but it is possible that one of the results of a large asteroid impact manifests as a release in pressure at a weak point in the strata - the Deccan Traps eruption was a result of the crust readjusting to the impact?

        1. caffeine addict

          When you're talking about timescales in the tens of thousands to millions of years ballpark, do they still count as coincidences?

        2. Alister

          My understanding is that the Deccan Traps were effectively the exit wound from the asteroid impact at Chicxulub, as they were located more or less diametrically opposite at the time.

        3. Michael Wojcik Silver badge

          the Deccan Traps eruption was a result of the crust readjusting to the impact

          No, no. The Deccan Traps were the means by which the dinosaurs summoned the meteors.

          When it's time to retire, go out in style.

  3. Pen-y-gors

    By 'eck,

    Lasting a million years, wiping out life - that sounds like a description of the effects of #Brexit!

  4. Big_Boomer Silver badge

    Don't let FARTWIG see this, he will put even more sanctions on Russia for their past misdemeanours, and probably setup sanctions against Mexico for the Chicxulub impact.

    1. Arthur the cat Silver badge

      and probably setup sanctions against Mexico for the Chicxulub impact

      We'll build a wall, a huuuge wall, the greatest wall ever, to keep out meteorites, and the meteorites will pay for it.

  5. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    "The largest mass extinction event in Earth's history MAY have been driven by incredibly violent million-year long volcanic explosions that destroyed the ozone layer some 250 million years ago."

    Then again it may not, the eruptions could have been the side effect of a large impact body.

  6. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    'Closer to home, there are nice rift valleys in the German Rhine region; the Midland Valley in Scotland, the North Sea and a hidden one running north-south under the West Midlands.'

    Would that be near the route for HS2?

    1. cosymart
      Joke

      Well, HS2 is causing a rift.

  7. Anonymous Coward
    Boffin

    A million years

    Something I'm never sure about with this event: it lasted a million years or so. Did things get bad quickly and then stay bad for a million years, or did it take a million years to do its work? Because if it's the latter thing this is actually a rather slow event: a few hundred times as long as there has been any real civilisation, and about three times as long as Homo sapiens has existed for. That doesn't mean it wasn't a cataclysm of course, but it might be one that was hard to recognise while it was happening.

    (And I won't add a comment about how the timescale compares with what we're now doing because the Great Orange Prune has informed me that all that inconvenient fake science news media is made up by librals who are, for some reason against fa (are they OK with do, re, me, sol, la & ti? I don't know).)

    1. Michael Wojcik Silver badge

      Re: A million years

      The first ten thousand years were the worst, and the second ten thousand years, they were the worst too. The third ten thousand I didn't enjoy at all. After that I went into a bit of a decline.

  8. Old Used Programmer

    Missing Halogen

    Interesting that there is no mention of Fluorine, which was a major killer as a result of the 1783 Laki eruption (altogether, killed about 25% of the population of Iceland). If you think losing the ozone layer is bad, try fluoridosis.

    1. Michael Wojcik Silver badge

      Re: Missing Halogen

      Other halogens are perfectly capable of killing people too. See bromism, for example.

      You pump huge amounts of reactive elements into the environment, and the results probably won't be terribly good for most organisms. Biochemistry is not terribly tolerant of that sort of thing. Even changing the relative proportion of the reactive elements they need in fairly large quantities (e.g. oxygen) by a significant amount will do most in.

  9. Version 1.0 Silver badge

    Time for another one?

    We have not had an even moderate eruption for a long time - just one super volcano erupting tomorrow (say at 0.01% of the Siberian level) would solve much of the current political problems and upend our society. I'm not wishing for this, but let's face it - we're about 10,000% unprepared for an Earth changing event.

    1. Korev Silver badge

      Re: Time for another one?

      This is completely true; the "latest" supereruption left parts of New Zealand under 200m of igneous rock... There would have been a huge impact on the climate too.

    2. Jay Lenovo

      Re: Time for another one?

      ...would solve much of the current political problems...

      Solving in a very grotesque sense? Crises bring people together only because so many have been sacrificed. Crises also inspire about anarchy and self-serving rogues.

      We're probably 10,000% unprepared for an Earth changing event because there's a million more things likely to devastate our immediate lives.

      Historic trend of the concerns for the short-lived human.

  10. Stevie

    Bah!

    So the theory is that everything got suntanned to death because the air was full of halogens?

    How about everything choked to death because of all the halogens in the air and dissolving in the sea?

  11. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    In Soviet Russia..

    Volcanoes erupt YOU!!

    (gets coat, asbestos lined obviously)

  12. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Is this revealing the latest weapon in the evil dictator Putin's armory? These scientists will need to be careful using door handles, or perfume bottles.

  13. Celeste Reinard

    The Human Explosion

    A friend of mine is writing since ages on this work of his, 'Pearls of Doom', which is about an earth that is lived upon by 200 billion people - having completly 'machined out' the planet. Based on the asumption of there still being a lot of planet that is still in its original, unmined shape: everything 10 kilometers below our feet. ... Only, what's the point being a being that due to random pressures will change - even in a 'machined out' world. Where machines are an integral part of the ecology to keep the planet going - a removal would certainly evoke a crisis. ... (for the biblical note: Jezus would probably have given a total blank on what was just said, given his somewhat rural upbringing, so let's leave that poor man alone with his troubles wih his rather violent father that ends up liki... killing his son... His life is already s***ty enough.)

  14. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Ozone panic

    Well, the "Warming Earth" panic has gotten out of the public eye in the last two cold years so back to the "Ozone Layer" mongering of old. I'm sure human activity will be found somehow responsible for volcanic activity as well.

  15. Frank Oz

    Call me crazy, but wasn't this a story in other media (its even been on the Science and Discovery channels since) about five or ten years back.

    This is a 'filler item' ... right.

  16. Anonymous Coward
    Anonymous Coward

    Warp core breach

    Your average Muggle (tm) has *NO IDEA* of the violence of a typical volcanic eruption.

    It was said that during the initial stages of Krakatoa going KABOOM the ocean "froze" for a split second. To get a reaction like that implies total energy release of around 190 megatons.

    For perspective the Tsar Bomba was a mere 57 megatons and that produced a plume about the same as the recent eruption of Eyjafjallajökull and that disrupted flights for weeks: TB would have done if detonated at ground level.

    If Yellowstone (please not in my lifetime) blew its top or for that matter the ones in Indonesia or Siberia we would be looking at a minimum of 3-5c global temperature collapse and a death toll in the 900M range just from climatic effects alone. Conservative estimate for the last eruption is in the 10,000MT range.

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